Turkey
TURKEY
A. General Info:
| Official Name | Republic of Turkey |
| Capital | Ankara |
| Main Cities | Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir, Bursa, Adana |
| Languages | Turkish |
| Government | Parliamentary republic |
| Independence | 29 October 1923 |
| Area | 783, 562 sq km |
| Population | 71,158,000 |
| Currency | Turkish Lira |
| Fiscal year | Calendar year |
| Climate | Mediterranean on the south coast, continental inland |
| Time Zone | 2 hours ahead of GMT, 3 hours in Summer |
| Measures | Metric system |
| Main Airports | Ataturk Airport, Sabiha Gokcen, Esenboga, Sakirpasa, Antalya, Adnan Menderes |
| Main Harbors | Istanbul, Izmir, Mersin, Antalya, Izmit, Samsun |
B. Economic Indicators
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
|
| GDP | |||||
| Nominal GDP (US$bn) |
482,986 |
530,917 |
647,140 |
730,325 |
615,483 |
| Real GDP Growth (%) |
8.4 |
6.9 |
4.7 |
0.7 |
-4.7 |
| Expenditure on GDP (% real change) | |||||
| Private Consumption |
7.9 |
4.6 |
5.5 |
-0.3 |
-2.3 |
| Government Consumption |
2.5 |
8.4 |
6.5 |
1.7 |
7.8 |
| Gross fixed Investment |
17.4 |
13.3 |
3.1 |
-6.2 |
-19.2 |
| Export of goods & services |
7.9 |
6.6 |
7.3 |
2.7 |
-5.4 |
| Import of goods & services |
12.2 |
6.9 |
10.7 |
-4.1 |
-14.4 |
| Origin of GDP (%real change) | |||||
| Agriculture |
7.2 |
1.4 |
-6.7 |
4.3 |
3.6 |
| Industry |
8.7 |
10.2 |
5.8 |
-1.3 |
-8.6 |
| Services |
8.0 |
6.0 |
6.1 |
1.6 |
-3.2 |
| GDP per capita (US$ at PPP) |
10,728 |
11,714 |
12,480 |
12,700 |
12,130 |
| Recorded unemployment (av; %) |
10.2 |
9.9 |
10.3 |
11.0 |
14.0 |
| Fiscal Indicator (% of GDP) | |||||
| Central government revenue |
21.3 |
22.9 |
22.6 |
22.1 |
22.5 |
| Central government expenditure |
22.5 |
23.5 |
24.2 |
23.9 |
28.0 |
| Central government balance |
-1.5 |
-0.6 |
-1.6 |
-1.8 |
-5.5 |
| Gross public debt |
51.1 |
45.5 |
39.6 |
40.0 |
46.3 |
| Prices and financial indicators | |||||
| Exchange Rates TL:US$ (end-period) |
1.345 |
1.409 |
1.171 |
1.526 |
1.491 |
| Consumer Prices (av.; % change) |
7.7 |
9.7 |
8.4 |
10.1 |
6.5 |
| Stock of money M1 (% change) |
120.2 |
6.6 |
11.2 |
9.0 |
12.6 |
| Lending interest rate (av.; %) |
26.0 |
28.0 |
27.0 |
26.5 |
21.0 |
| Current Account (US$m) | |||||
| Trade Balance |
-32,988 |
-40,941 |
-46,669 |
-52,844 |
-24,845 |
| Goods: exports fob |
78,365 |
93,611 |
115,356 |
140,999 |
109,646 |
| Goods: imports fob |
-111,353 |
-134,552 |
-162,025 |
-193,843 |
-134,491 |
| Services Balance |
15,272 |
13,831 |
13,879 |
17,513 |
16,371 |
| Income Balance |
-5,875 |
-6,691 |
-7,143 |
-7,964 |
-7,667 |
| Current-transfer balance |
1,454 |
1,908 |
2,236 |
2,006 |
2,288 |
| Current-account balance |
-22,137 |
-31,893 |
-37,697 |
-41,289 |
-13,853 |
| External Debt (US$m) | |||||
| Debt stock |
169,269 |
207,773 |
251,477 |
278,326 |
271,140 |
| Debt service paid |
41,010 |
40,510 |
48,97 |
63,049 |
67,507 |
| Principal repayments |
32,537 |
31,012 |
36,807 |
49,433 |
58,549 |
| Interest |
8,474 |
9,498 |
11,989 |
13,616 |
8,958 |
| International Reserves (US$m) | |||||
| Total international reserves |
52,491 |
63,265 |
76,507 |
73,657 |
74,995 |
C. Trade
C.1. Turkey’s Trade with the World
|
US$ Mn. |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
| Export (fob) |
73,476 |
85,535 |
107,272 |
126,064.3 |
102,139 |
| Import (cif) |
116,774 |
139,576 |
170,063 |
191,260 |
140,869 |
| Trade Volume |
190,250 |
225,111 |
277,335 |
317,324.3 |
243,008 |
| Trade Balance |
-43,298 |
-54,041 |
-63,791 |
-65,195.3 |
-38,730 |
| World Trade (US$ Bn) |
21,058 |
24,294 |
27,845 |
32,215 |
24,948 |
| Share |
0.90% |
0.92% |
0.99% |
0.98% |
0.97% |
C.2. Turkey’s trade with D-8 Countries
|
US$ Mn. |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
| Export (fob) |
2,115.13 |
2,225.73 |
2,953.76 |
4,033.85 |
5,589.50 |
| Import (cif) |
5,922.53 |
8,912.95 |
11,179.6 |
13,619.63 |
7,773.33 |
| Trade Volume |
8,037.66 |
11,138.68 |
14,133.36 |
17,653.48 |
13,362.83 |
| Trade Balance |
-3,807.4 |
-6,687.22 |
-8,225.84 |
-9,585.78 |
-2,183.83 |
| D-8 Intra Trade (US$ Mn) |
41,537.19 |
49,806.52 |
66,828.03 |
78,382.2 |
66,947.63 |
| Share |
19.35% |
22.36% |
21.15% |
22.52% |
19.96% |
C.3. Turkey’s Trade by 10 Main Commodities
C.3.1 Export by 10 Principal Commodities, (million US$)
|
No. |
Commodity
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
|
1. |
Vehicles other than railway, tramway |
9,566.43 |
11,886.09 |
15,903.67 |
18,326.82 |
12,257.71 |
|
2. |
Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery, etc |
5,246.42 |
6,516.72 |
8,781.25 |
10,258.09 |
8,131.79 |
|
3. |
Iron and steel |
4,973.47 |
6,273.35 |
8,372.26 |
14,946.35 |
7,641.79 |
|
4. |
Articles of apparel, accessories, knit or crochet |
6,590.35 |
6,938.27 |
8,022.46 |
7,827.99 |
6,930,66 |
|
5. |
Electrical, electronic equipment |
5,423.34 |
6,327.75 |
7,422.51 |
7,970.47 |
6,658.16 |
|
6. |
Pearls, precious stones, metals, coins, etc |
1,325.76 |
1,824.13 |
2,623.77 |
5,383.13 |
5,929.22 |
|
7. |
Mineral fuels, oils, distillation products, etc |
2,641.14 |
3,567.42 |
5,147.93 |
7,531.46 |
5,030.49 |
|
8. |
Articles of iron or steel |
2,731.36 |
3,336.37 |
4,129.75 |
5,742.37 |
4,551.07 |
|
9. |
Articles of apparel, accessories, not knit or crochet |
4,862.37 |
4,710.98 |
5,445.28 |
5,326.79 |
4,295.21 |
|
10. |
Plastics and articles thereof |
1,722.15 |
2,214.26 |
2,822.05 |
3,563.19 |
3,093.38 |
C.3.2 Import by 10 Principal commodities, (million US$)
|
No. |
Commodity
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
| Mineral fuels, oils, distillation products, etc |
21,255.53 |
28,859.09 |
33,883.13 |
48,281.19 |
21,703.91 |
|
|
2. |
Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery, etc |
16,400.31 |
18,998.76 |
22,570.36 |
22,539.30 |
17,105.02 |
|
3. |
Electrical, electronic equipment |
9,663.53 |
10,881.31 |
13,295.42 |
13,892.24 |
12,232.39 |
|
4. |
Iron and steel |
9,457.83 |
11,525.25 |
16,182.38 |
23,157.92 |
11,331.05 |
|
5. |
Vehicles other than railway, tramway |
10,552.79 |
11,408.44 |
12,397.29 |
12,789.59 |
8,960.07 |
|
6. |
Plastics and articles thereof |
5,795.59 |
6,918.41 |
8,688,04 |
9,385.51 |
6,934.99 |
|
7. |
Pharmaceutical products |
2,849.27 |
3,035.61 |
3,523.65 |
4,360.54 |
4,075.56 |
|
8. |
Organic chemicals |
3,531.58 |
3,642.18 |
3,995,87 |
4,421.33 |
3,338.09 |
|
9. |
Optical, photo, technical, medical, etc apparatus |
2,472.69 |
2,722.90 |
3,012.10 |
3,444.91 |
2,827.73 |
|
10. |
Paper & paperboard, articles of pulp, paper and board |
1,766.52 |
2,043.05 |
2,469.55 |
2,605.21 |
2,210.76 |
C.4 Export and Import by Main Destination Country
Export by Main Destination Country (% of total, 2009)
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
|
| Germany |
12.9 |
11.3 |
11.2 |
9.8 |
9.5 |
| France |
5.2 |
5.4 |
5.6 |
5 |
6 |
| United Kingdom |
8.1 |
8 |
8 |
6.2 |
5.7 |
| Italy |
7.6 |
7.9 |
7 |
5.9 |
5.7 |
| Iraq |
3.7 |
3 |
2.7 |
3 |
5 |
| Others |
62.5 |
64.4 |
65.5 |
70.1 |
68.1 |
Import by Main Origin Country (% of total, 2009)
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
|
| Germany |
11.7 |
10.6 |
10.3 |
9.3 |
10.6 |
| Russian Federation |
11.1 |
12.8 |
13.8 |
15.5 |
10.3 |
| China |
5.9 |
6.9 |
7.8 |
7.8 |
9.5 |
| United States of America |
4.6 |
4.5 |
4.8 |
5.9 |
6.5 |
| Italy |
6.5 |
6.2 |
5.9 |
5.5 |
5.8 |
| Others |
60.2 |
59 |
57.4 |
48.2 |
57.3 |
D. Foreign Direct Investment (Overview, selected years)
|
US$ Mn |
FDI Flows |
FDI Stocks |
||||||||
|
1990-2000 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
1990 |
1995 |
2000 |
2007 |
2008 |
|
| Inward |
791 |
10,031 |
20,185 |
22,046 |
18,198 |
11,189 |
14,972 |
19,204 |
157,649 |
69,871 |
| Outward |
227 |
1,064 |
924 |
2,106 |
2,585 |
1,157 |
1,425 |
3,668 |
12,210 |
13,865 |
E. Agriculture: Food Commodities
|
US$ Mn |
2007 |
2008 |
| Export |
3,187.75 |
3,768.94 |
| Import |
6,113.57 |
8,035.36 |
| Trade Volume |
9,301.32 |
11,804.29 |
| Trade Balance |
-2,925.82 |
-4,266.42 |
| D-8 Total Trade |
67,978.23 |
101,328.20 |
| Share to D-8 Total Trade |
13.68% |
11.65% |
F. Energy
F.1 Oil
|
Petroleum (Thousand Barrels per Day) |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
| Total Oil Production |
47.09 |
45.82 |
42.93 |
45.46 |
43.95 |
45.53 |
46.12 |
| Crude Oil Production |
46.67 |
45.17 |
42.42 |
43.67 |
42.16 |
41 |
41 |
| Consumption |
657.73 |
644.97 |
661.37 |
659.33 |
677.62 |
690.55 |
675.54 |
| Net Exports/Imports |
-610.6 |
-599.2 |
-618.4 |
-613.9 |
-633.7 |
-645 |
-629.42 |
| Refinery |
719 |
719 |
714 |
714 |
714 |
714 |
719 |
| Proved reserved (billion barrels) |
0.296 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
F.2 Natural Gas
|
Natural Gas (Billion Cubic Feet/day) |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
| Total Production |
0.013 |
0.019 |
0.024 |
0.032 |
0.032 |
0.031 |
0.031 |
| Consumption |
0.621 |
0.748 |
0.793 |
0.966 |
1.10 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
| Net Exports/Imports |
-0.608 |
-0.729 |
-0.769 |
-0.934 |
1.068 |
-3.37 |
-3.47 |
| Proved reserved
(trillion cubic meters, TCM) |
0.31 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
F.3 Renewable Energy
|
Country |
Renewable Indicator |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
|
Turkey |
Electricity Generation (Billion Kwh) |
45.86 |
39.42 |
44.16 |
36.18 |
33.98 |
| Electricity Consumption (Billion Kwh) |
45.86 |
39.42 |
44.16 |
36.18 |
33.98 |
|
| Bio-fuels Production (Thousands Barrel/day) |
0 |
0.5 |
1.13 |
1.27 |
1.3 |
|
| Bio-fuels Consumption (Thousands Barrel/day) |
0 |
0.5 |
1.13 |
1.27 |
1.3 |
F.3.1 Renewable Electric Generation by Type (Billion Kilowatt-hours)
|
Country |
Renewable Product |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
|
| Turkey | Hydroelectric |
45.62 |
39.16 |
43.80 |
35.49 |
32.95 |
|
|
Non-Hydroelectric Renewable |
Geothermal |
0.09 |
0.09 |
0.09 |
0.19 |
0.093 |
|
| Wind |
0.05 |
0.05 |
0.12 |
0.38 |
0.76 |
||
| Solar, Tide and Wave |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
||
| Biomass and Waste |
0.1 |
0.116 |
0.145 |
0.203 |
0.185 |
||
F.3.2 Renewable Bio-fuels Production by Type (Thousand Barrels per Day)
|
Country |
Renewable Product |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
|
Turkey |
Fuel Ethanol |
0 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
| Bio-diesels |
0 |
0 |
0.6 |
0.27 |
0.3 |
